AUTISM

A serious developmental disorder that impairs the ability to communicate and interact.

Autism spectrum disorder impacts the nervous system and affects the overall cognitive, emotional, social and physical health of the affected individual.

Common symptoms include difficulty with communication, difficulty with social interactions, obsessive interests and repetitive behaviours

Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to brain development that impacts how a person perceives and socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and communication. The disorder also includes limited and repetitive patterns of behavior.

Autism spectrum disorder begins in early childhood and eventually causes problems functioning in society — socially, in school and at work, for example. Often children show symptoms of autism within the first year. A small number of children appear to develop normally in the first year, and then go through a period of regression between 18 and 24 months of age when they develop autism symptoms.

Each child with autism spectrum disorder is likely to have a unique pattern of behavior and level of severity — from low functioning to high functioning.

Some children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty learning, and some have signs of lower than normal intelligence. Other children with the disorder have normal to high intelligence — they learn quickly, yet have trouble communicating and applying what they know in everyday life and adjusting to social situations.

Social communication and interaction

A child or adult with autism spectrum disorder may have problems with social interaction and communication skills, including any of these signs:

·         Fails to respond to his or her name or appears not to hear you at times

·         Resists cuddling and holding, and seems to prefer playing alone, retreating into his or her own world

·         Has poor eye contact and lacks facial expression

·         Doesn't speak or has delayed speech, or loses previous ability to say words or sentences

·         Can't start a conversation or keep one going, or only starts one to make requests or label items

·         Speaks with an abnormal tone or rhythm and may use a singsong voice or robot-like speech

·         Repeats words or phrases verbatim, but doesn't understand how to use them

·         Doesn't appear to understand simple questions or directions

·         Doesn't express emotions or feelings and appears unaware of others' feelings

·         Doesn't point at or bring objects to share interest

·         Inappropriately approaches a social interaction by being passive, aggressive or disruptive

·         Has difficulty recognizing nonverbal cues, such as interpreting other people's facial expressions, body postures or tone of voice

Patterns of behavior

A child or adult with autism spectrum disorder may have limited, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, including any of these signs:

·         Performs repetitive movements, such as rocking, spinning or hand flapping

·         Performs activities that could cause self-harm, such as biting or head-banging

·         Develops specific routines or rituals and becomes disturbed at the slightest change

·         Has problems with coordination or has odd movement patterns, such as clumsiness or walking on toes, and has odd, stiff or exaggerated body language

·         Is fascinated by details of an object, such as the spinning wheels of a toy car, but doesn't understand the overall purpose or function of the object

·         Is unusually sensitive to light, sound or touch, yet may be indifferent to pain or temperature

·         Doesn't engage in imitative or make-believe play

·         Fixates on an object or activity with abnormal intensity or focus

·         Has specific food preferences, such as eating only a few foods, or refusing foods with a certain texture

 

There are five major types of autism which include Asperger's syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Kanner's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder

Asperger's syndrome

A developmental disorder affecting ability to effectively socialise and communicate.

People with this condition may be socially awkward and have an all-absorbing interest in specific topics.

People may experience:

Behavioural: aggression, compulsive behaviour, fidgeting, impulsivity, repetitive movements, social isolation, or persistent repetition of words or actions

Muscular: inability to combine muscle movements, poor coordination, or tic

Mood: anger, anxiety, or apprehension

Also common: depression, intense interest in a limited number of things, learning disability, nightmares, or sensitivity to sound

 

Rett syndrome

Rett syndrome is a rare genetic neurological and developmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops. This disorder causes a progressive loss of motor skills and language. Rett syndrome primarily affects females. Most babies with Rett syndrome seem to develop as expected for the first six months of life.

Despite being caused by a gene mutation, Rett syndrome is rarely inherited.

Infants seem healthy during their first six months, but over time, rapidly lose coordination, speech and use of the hands. Symptoms may then stabilise for years.

There's no cure, but medication, physio- and speech therapy and nutritional support help manage symptoms, prevent complications and improve quality of life.

 

Infants seem healthy during their first six months, but over time, rapidly lose coordination, speech and use of the hands. Symptoms may then stabilise for years.

 

People may experience:

Muscular: flaccid muscles, inability to combine muscle movements, muscle weakness, problems with coordination, stiff muscles, or rhythmic muscle contractions

Respiratory: abnormal breathing patterns, episodes of no breathing, rapid breathing, or shallow breathing

Developmental: delayed development or failure to thrive

Behavioural: irritability or repetitive movements

Cognitive: inability to speak or understand language or slowness in activity

Also common: seizures, constipation, drooling, scoliosis, teeth grinding, or tremor

 

 

childhood disintegrative disorder

Childhood disintegrative disorder is a part of the larger developmental disorder category of autism spectrum disorder. Motormental disability in children is generally related to significant central nervous system damage or abnormality. It refers both to lack of intellectual development and motor development.

Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) is a rare disorder

CDD is merged into autistic spectrum disorder. CDD has a relatively late onset and causes regression of previously acquired skills in social, language and motor functioning.

The cause is unknown and affected children have often achieved normal developmental milestones before the regression of skills. The age of onset is variable, but is typically seen after three years of reaching normal milestones. The regression can be very rapid. Some children may appear to be responding to hallucinations, but the most common and distinct feature is the regression of previously attained attained skills.

Affected children show clinically significant losses of earlier acquired skills in at least two of the following:

·         Expressive language skills.

·         Receptive language skills.

·         Social skills and self-care skills.

·         Bowel or bladder control.

·         Play skills.

·         Motor skills.

Abnormal function also occurs in at least two of:

·         Social interaction.

·         Communication.

·         Repetitive interests or behaviours.

The child presents after at least two years of apparently normal development. The change occurs usually between the ages of 3 to 4 years, but generally before the age of 10 years.

·         The onset may be abrupt or gradual.

Kanner's syndrome

 

Kanner’s syndrome is no longer an official diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. However, it is still used as a designation by many. It can help parents understand where their children with autism may fall on the spectrum. It is essentially a “type” of autism and describes a section of the autism spectrum. 

Today, many view Kanner’s syndrome as “Classic Autistic Disorder.” It’s named after Leo Kanner, a pioneer in autism research who first studied children with autism in the 1940s. Kanner’s syndrome includes a lack of communication skills, trouble understanding others, and sensitivity to sensory stimuli. Children with autism often prefer routine more than non-autistic children and usually don’t like interacting with the world around them.

Symptoms of Kanner Syndrome

·         Social Interaction

·         Communication Skills

·         Apathy Towards Activity

·         Withdrawal

·         Obsession

·         Routine

·         Behavioral Issues

 

pervasive developmental disorder

 

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) — now known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) — refers to a group of conditions that affect average development. It may appear as a delay in development of social and communication skills.

Signs of this condition usually become noticeable around the age of 3 yearsTrusted Source but can appear from early infancy.

The terms “pervasive developmental disorders” and “autism spectrum disorder” were previously used interchangeably by doctors. Doctors often diagnose “pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)” when a person has some core characteristics of autism but not others.

Signs of PDD-NOS may include:

• difficulty understanding and using language
• difficulty relating to people, events, or objects
• playing unusually with toys or objects
• finding changes to routine or familiarity difficult
• repetitive body movements or patterns of behavior
• limited social skills
• responding unusually to sensory input, such as loud noises or bright lights

Speech and behavior may vary between each child. Some may have limited speech, and others may not speak at all. Others may have language development similar to same-age peers.

 

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